How to reference

REFERENCING (ACKNOWLEDGING) SOURCES OF INFORMATION

INTRODUCTION – Rationale

When researching/writing assignments you will often gather information from the following sources:

      ·         textbooks,
·         magazines,
·         journals,
·         periodicals,
·         newspapers,
·         encyclopaedias,
·         video and cassette recordings,
·         vertical files,
·         CD ROMs,
·         computer software,
·         internet.

Quoting or referring to these sources is a essential part of ‘GOOD RESEARCH’.

Quotes/references should be used:
a)                  to support a point
b)                  when something explains a major point very clearly
c)                   to acknowledge a direct quotation (ie. The actual words
            of the author)
d)                  to acknowledge the opinion and ideas of others, even
            when their actual words are not used.

THIS IS CALLED REFERENCING

NOTE: It is not necessary to reference/acknowledge:
a) information of a general nature
b) facts and ideas that are common knowledge.

The Harvard System is the chosen referencing system of Mareeba State High School.

There are two aspects to the Harvard System:

IN-TEXT REFERENCING - a brief reference is made within the text (assignment).
END-TEXT REFERENCING - full bibliographic details are provided in the Reference List (or Bibliography) at the end of the text.
IN-TEXT REFERENCING

When to Reference

to validate a point, statement or argument
to explain, supplement, or amplify material
to acknowledge the source of a direct quotation
to acknowledge the source of tables of statistics, diagrams, graphs, maps, etc
to provide the reader with sufficient information to enable him to consult sources independently.

How to Reference

Surname (s) of author (s), year of publication: and
page number (s))

Examples of Harvard Referencing:

a ) Simpson (1999, p.27) states that: “lack of exercise is our most serious health problem”. (Quoting from one page)

b) It has been claimed that there is a great revival of interest in religion (Reid, 2001, p.54-55). (Paraphrasing from two pages)

c) Rogers and Phillips (2001) have made a strong plea for the outlawing of nuclear weapons. (Reference to arguments advanced in a whole work, so no page number used)

d) More than two decades ago, Shaw (1999, p.272) wrote that Australian book sales per head were the highest in the world. (“Wrote” is more appropriate than “writes”)

e) It is stated in Wild Life of Australia (2001, p.9) that “Australia is blessed with one of the largest varieties of bird life in any one country of the world”. (Quoting from an anonymous work)

f) The Australian Conservation Foundation (1999, p.2) claims that the “raging dry-season bushfire is easily the most dramatic feature of the Australian scene”. (Quoting words of a corporate author)

g) Referring to an argumentative relation, Baldwin (2000, p.18) remarks: ‘If you said “white” to him he would almost certainly say “black”. (Double quotation marks used within single ones).

h) Anderson (1995, http://www.thorplu s.purdue.edu/AquaNIC /Images/) says that … (Citing information form the internet)

Remember

If there is no known author, title must be used instead of surname.
Surnames only are used. Initials are added only when they are required to distinguish between authors of the same surname.
Maps, diagrams, tables of statistics are also footnoted.

Examples of Setting Out

Quotes should never be too long – usually not more than four or five lines. Longer quotes should be presented as an appendix.

The following examples illustrate the difference between the setting out of ‘short’ and ‘long’ quotations. The most common practice is to consider quotations of four complete lines or more as ‘long’.

A short quotation is incorporated into a sentence without disrupting the flow of the text, and quotation marks are used.

Example:       Shaw (2001, p.61) writes: ‘For twenty-five years
                        after its foundation, the penal settlement of New
                        South Wales had

been shut in between the
Blue Mountains and the sea’.

Eric Jones (1995, p.17) has said “… ultimately, companies will have to accept…that (they) are part of the global economy, and competition will be fierce…”

By contrast, a long quotation is set out as a ‘block quotation’. Single-line spacing is used for the block, even if (as is usually the case with typed papers) the rest of the text uses wider spacing. The block is usually indented differently from the rest of the text, the actual number of spaces being arbitrary. No quotation marks are necessary.
By contrast, a long quotation is set out as a ‘block quotation’. Single-line spacing is used for the block, even if (as is usually the case with typed papers) the rest of the text uses wider spacing. The block is usually indented differently from the rest of the text, the actual number of spaces being arbitrary. No quotation marks are necessary.

Example: Shaw (2001, p.61) points to how the expansion of settlement in New South Wales was hindered by some difficult terrain:

For twenty-five years after its foundation, the penal settlement of New South Wales had been shut in between the Blue Mountains and the sea. Every attempt to cross the mountain barrier had failed, stopped by its perpendicular gorges and rocky precipices. Even closer to Sydney exploration was difficult, as Governor Phillip himself had quickly found, although he had succeeded in reaching the Hawkesbury River, Pitt Water and Broken Bay.

QUOTING FROM A SECONDARY SOURCE

This is a case of quoting words which you find quoted by somebody else. You find the words in a secondary source, not in the author’s original writing. The referencing you use should make this clear, rather than suggesting that you used the primary source. In the example below, West’s words were found in a book written by Thomson.
This is a case of quoting words which you find quoted by somebody else. You find the words in a secondary source, not in the author’s original writing. The referencing you use should make this clear, rather than suggesting that you used the primary source. In the example below, West’s words were found in a book written by Thomson.
Adrian West (quoted by Thomson, 2001, p.116) recommended that ‘nursing education should be made an integral part of the provincial education system’.

Your bibliography should then include an entry for Thomson’s book – i.e. the primary source.

USING AN APPENDIX

Sometimes you may wish to refer the reader to a lengthy table, graph, photograph or article which you have attached to your work. If so, label your first attachment ‘Appendix 1’, and in a footnote where you would normally write the author’s name, write ‘see Appendix 1’. The same technique can be used to refer readers to a table of statistics which is shorter and so included in the body of the essay. In this case call your first table ‘Table 1’, and write ‘see Table 1’ after the footnote number.
Sometimes you may wish to refer the reader to a lengthy table, graph, photograph or article which you have attached to your work. If so, label your first attachment ‘Appendix 1’, and in a footnote where you would normally write the author’s name, write ‘see Appendix 1’. The same technique can be used to refer readers to a table of statistics which is shorter and so included in the body of the essay. In this case call your first table ‘Table 1’, and write ‘see Table 1’ after the footnote number.

END-TEXT REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

All work referred to in the body (text) of your assignment must also be shown in one long Reference List (on a separate page) at the end of the text. This list is in alphabetical order beginning with author’s surname, (or editor) or title if author is unknown.

A Bibliography includes an End-Text Reference List plus all other sources consulted in order to write your assignment.

A. BOOKS

Author's surname, Author's first name or initials. (Year of Publication). Title. Publisher, Place of publication.

1. One Author

Smith, D. (2000). Cyclone Tracy. Penguin, Ringwood, Victoria.

2. More Than One Author

Jackson, D.B., Gordon, R. and Dempsey, J. (1999). Forensic Science: 30 Case Histories. Oxford University Press, London.

3. Four Or More Authors

Doery, K.E. et.al. (2001). The Internet Made Simple. Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.

4. An Editor Or Compiler As Author

Gold, J. (ed.) (2000). AIDS: The Last Plague? Pan, London.

5. Author Unknown.

Style Manual for author’s, editors and printers (1998). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra

6. Encyclopaedias

a) Article with author known –
Bisby, R. (1998). “Nile River”. World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 12, Childcraft International, Chicago, pp 462 – 464.

b) Article with author unknown –
“Azaria Chamberlain” (2001). The Australian Encyclopaedia, Vol 7, Grolier Society of Australia, Sydney, pp 122 – 123.

B. A JOURNAL ARTICLE/NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Author’s surname, Author’s first name or initials.
(Year of publication). ‘ Title of article’, Title of Periodical or newspaper. Place of publication if applicable, volume, issue number, page/s.

1. Author known:

Dewhurst, C. (1998). “Hot air over the Himalayas”, World Geographic. Vol. 1, Oct – Dec, pp.44-55.

2. Author unknown:

“Black and white and read no more”, (1996), Weekend Australian.
7 – 8 June, p.2.

C. CD ROM

Author’s surname, Author’s first name or initials. (Year of publication). ‘Title of article’. Title of CD-ROM, [Type of medium ] , publisher, place.

1. Author known:

Pitt, Helen, (1999). ‘Space Probes’ Eyewitness Encyclopedia of Space and the Universe, [CD-ROM ] Dorling Kindersley, London.

2. Author unknown:

‘United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation’. (1992-1994). Microsoft Encarta ’95. [CD-ROM] Microsoft Corporation, Redmond W.A.

D. INTERNET/E MAIL

Author’s surname, Author’s first name or initials. (Year, Month, Date of posting). ‘Subject line from posting’. [Type of medium] , available URL (Day, Month, Year of Accessor download).

1. Internet

Swallow, Ryan & Alyssa. (1999, March 10). “Ryan & Alyssa’s Links for Kids”. [online] http://www.webfeats.com/illusion/index.html. (Accessed 1 Aug, 1999).

2. E Mail

Bruckman, Amy S. (2001, Dec 5). ‘Networking in the Information Age’. [online]

Email: mediamoo@jeffe rson.village.virginia.edu. (Accessed 22 Jan, 2002).

E. NON PRINT

(Motion Pictures, Videos and Television)

Title. (Year). [Type of Medium] Publisher, Place of recording, and      any special credits.

Note:    (i)    Television productions are identified as video recordings

            (ii) If the program is part of a series then the format is similar to a       periodical article.

1.       What are we going to do with Money? (2002). [Video recording] Channel 10, Melbourne.

2.       ‘”Jihad”, The Big Picture: Crusades. (2002, Nov 29). [Video recording] ABC Television.

3.       Japanese Agriculture . (1999). [Slides] Geography teachers Association of Tasmania, Hobart. 18 slides.

Other Points to Remember:

If the title of a resource begins with 'The', 'An' or 'A' then ignore these words and use the second word of the title for correct alphabetical ordering.

When writing the publisher's name do not include Pty Ltd; and Sons; Inc; Bros.

Do not confuse the Publisher with the Printer.

Other Points to Remember:

If the title of a resource begins with 'The', 'An' or 'A' then ignore these words and use the second word of the title for correct alphabetical ordering.

When writing the publisher's name do not include Pty Ltd; and Sons; Inc; Bros.

Do not confuse the Publisher with the Printer.